This essay examines how states use citizenship as a tool of mass exclusion, as seen in Myanmar and Assam, for political and material gain. The humanitarian consequences of these scenarios are governed by the international order, which neutralizes the humanitarian crisis, but does not supervise the sovereign entity. The essay proposes a thought experiment "Sovereign Human Rights Risk Rating"(SHRR) to analyze the state of accountability. It poses the question as to whether a purely technical, monetary system could achieve such accountability. The essay posits that SHRR would fail. The act of exclusion in this instance is not merely a political choice; rather it is a fundamental act of political sovereignty. The absence of accountability is what this global arrangement is built upon.
Citizenship and Exclusion: The Dynamics of Electoral Roll Revision and Disenfranchisement in India, 2025
The authors explore the usage of disenfranchisement as a tool for political exclusion, particularly of groups likely to vote against political order belonging to minority or historically discriminated groups. The piece questions the legitimacy of the Election Commission's discretionary powers to refuse electoral right on the basis of citizenship, being a body not expressly authorised to determine citizenship, in the face of the constitutionally guaranteed mandate of electoral rights.